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Chapter 16. Global Warming

Recommended Article : 【Earth Science】 Earth ScienceTable of Contents


1. Greenhouse Effect

2. Global Warming



1. Greenhouse Effect

⑴ Greenhouse Effect

① Atmospheric temperature without greenhouse effect : -6 ℃

② Atmospheric temperature considering greenhouse effect : 15 ℃

Category 1. Natural greenhouse effect

Category 2. Enhanced greenhouse effect

⑵ Earth’s Energy Balance

① 30% of energy from the sun is reflected

② 70% of energy from the sun is absorbed

③ About 30% of emitted energy from the Earth is absorbed by the atmosphere

⑶ History

① Jean-Baptiste Fourier (1827) : Highlighted the similarity between atmospheric and greenhouse glass effects

② John Tyndall (1860) : Measured the absorption of infrared radiation by carbon dioxide and water vapor

③ Svante Arrhenius (1896) : Calculated the effect of greenhouse gas concentrations (5-6 ℃ increase when doubled)

④ G. S. Callendar (1940) : Estimated the warming effect of carbon dioxide from fossil fuels

⑤ Roger Revelle & Hans Suess (1957) : Modeled the impact of carbon dioxide, started measurements

⑷ Optical Window

① Definition **: **Frequency range of light that doesn’t interact with the atmosphere

Figure. 1. Optical Window [Footnote: 1]

② Solar window : Frequency range of light that is absorbed by the Earth’s surface, not the atmosphere

③ Atmospheric window : Frequency range of light not absorbed by the atmosphere and emitted outward

⑸ Greenhouse Gases

① Energy stored through molecular vibration

② Energy stored through electron excitation

③ Earth’s warming potential due to greenhouse gases

④ Magnitude of influence : Water vapor > Carbon dioxide > …

⑤ Greenhouse effect due to increased carbon dioxide : Increases logarithmically

○ Average global temperature with current CO2 levels : 15 ℃

○ Average global temperature with CO2 levels doubled from current : 15 + 1.2 ℃

○ Feedback : 15 + 2.5 ℃

⑥ Methane gas, chlorofluorocarbons : Interfere with atmospheric window, hinder atmospheric emission

⑦ Cloud Effect

○ High clouds : Decrease temperature

○ Low clouds : Increase temperature

⑧ Volcanic Activity : Disrupts energy absorption into the Earth’s surface ⇔ Decreases temperature



2. Global Warming

Issue 1. Oceans and Greenhouse Effect

① El Niño phenomenon (Origin : Male Child)

Figure. 2. El Niño Phenomenon [Footnote: 2]

140° W corresponds to the central Pacific

○ 1st. Weakening of trade winds near the equator : Temperatures in the western Pacific decrease while temperatures in the eastern Pacific increase

○ 2nd. Central Pacific temperatures higher than normal

○ 3rd. Strengthened convection in the central Pacific

○ 4th. Increased rainfall in eastern Pacific, decreased rainfall in western Pacific

② La Niña phenomenon (Origin : Female Child)

Figure. 3. La Niña Phenomenon [Footnote: 3]

140° W corresponds to the central Pacific

○ 1st. Strengthening of trade winds near the equator

○ 2nd. Enhanced flow of ocean currents from the eastern to western Pacific

○ 3rd. Upwelling of cold deep-sea water near the coast of Peru in the eastern Pacific

○ 4th. Decreased temperatures of Eastern Pacific, increased temperatures in Western Pacific

○ 5th. Increased rainfall in Western Pacific

③ Rising temperatures lead to carbon dioxide release from the oceans

Issue 2. Glaciers and Greenhouse Effect

① Thermal expansion of glaciers and sea levels

○ Around 0 ℃ : Minimal change in volume

○ Around 5 ℃ : 1/10,000 change per 1 ℃

○ Around 25 ℃ : 3/10,000 change per 1 ℃

○ About 3 cm change per 100 m depth

○ Estimated rise of about 50 cm by the end of the 21st century

○ Sea level rise effect : Antarctic > Greenland > Continental glaciers

② Global climate change due to glacier variations

○ Melting ice poses risk of glacier collapse

Issue 3. Ozone Hole

① Ozone hole appears primarily in the Antarctic stratosphere during September to October, the beginning of spring in Antarctica

② Role of chlorofluorocarbons

Issue 4. Desertification

① Climate changes like global warming can contribute to desertification

② Expansion of deserts leads to increased surface reflectivity

⑸ Other Phenomena

① Decreased heating demand

② Positive Effects : Increased plant productivity

③ Cultivation of tropical fruits

④ Irregular rainfall : Efforts to address through reservoirs like Cheonghodae

⑤ Increased mosquitoes and tropical diseases : Need for disease control

⑥ Increased electricity demand in summer : Need for alternative energy generation

⑹ Evidence for Global Warming

① Analysis of past Earth temperatures : Ice cores

② Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels in Hawaii

Figure. 4. Hourly atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration measurements at Mauna Loa

⑺ Counterarguments to Global Warming

① Assertion of exaggerated results by IPCC

② Milankovitch theory : Axial tilt, precession, distance from the sun, sunspots, etc.

③ Assertion of cyclic nature of global temperature change

④ Claim that human contribution to global warming is smaller than natural effects like ocean and volcanic activity

⑻ History of Climate Change Agreements

① 1972 : Discussions on environmental limits (United Nations Conference on the Human Environment)

② 1977 : Discovery of desertification progress

③ 1985 : Discovery of the ozone hole

○ “Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal ClOx/NOx interaction” (1985. 05. 16)

○ J. C. Farman, B. G. Gardiner, J. D. Shanklin

○ Discovered in a small British research station

○ Hesitated to publish their results for 5 years due to self-doubt

○ “Nimbus 7 satellite measurements of the springtime Antarctic ozone decrease”

○ R. S. Stolarski, A. J. Krueger, M. R. Schoeberl, R. D. McPeters, P. A. Newman, J. C. Alpert (1986. 08. 28)

○ NASA validated the preceding British research

○ Failed to identify major flaws in meteorological data processing algorithms due to authoritarian biases

④ 1992 : Rio Agreement for reduction of carbon dioxide emissions and forest protection

○ Official title : United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

⑤ 1997 : Kyoto Protocol with emission reduction targets until 2012

○ Kyoto Protocol : Amendment to the Rio Agreement

○ Resolved to reduce emissions by 5% until 2012

○ Not fully implemented, including the US withdrawal

⑥ 2009 : Copenhagen Accord with recommendations

⑦ 2015 : Carbon emission trading system

○ Introduced in the EU in 2015

○ Carbon emission rights : Rights to emit greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, etc.)

○ Issues with the system

○ Economic downturn due to costs of industrial activity

○ Decreased value of emission rights due to economic fluctuations

○ Difficulty in achieving effects beyond a certain reduction threshold

⑼ Current Status

① Carbon dioxide emissions from residential heating account for 1/5 of emissions from power facilities



Input : 2019.06.23 13:30

Modified : 2020.10.01 20:11

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