Korean, Edit

K-Ras

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1. Ras

2. K-Ras



1. Ras

⑴ Involved in signal transduction as a GPCR activated by tyrosine kinases.

⑵ Plays a key role in activating MAPK.

⑶ Normal functions: cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and cell survival.

⑷ Ras is further classified into H-Ras, K-Ras, and N-Ras.

⑸ Hyperactivation of Ras can occur when GTPase-activating protein function is lost or when degradation-resistant proteins accumulate.

⑹ As a result, Ras can drive growth factor–independent cell proliferation, leading to oncogenic transformation.

⑺ Most growth factor–independent proliferation in cancer is caused by Ras activation.



2. K-Ras

⑴ K-Ras was discovered in 1983 as the first human oncogene.

⑵ It is one of the most common oncogenes, with K-Ras, H-Ras, and N-Ras mutations found in about 30% of all cancers.

⑶ Until 2021, no drugs targeting K-Ras–driven tumors had been approved.

① This has led major pharmaceutical companies to heavily invest in K-Ras–targeted drug development.

LUSC (Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma):

① Accounts for 45% of all lung cancers.

② Smoke-driven.

③ Involves K-Ras.

④ Originates from basal epithelial cells.

Type 1. K-Ras G12C

① Two currently approved direct K-Ras G12C inhibitors: Sotorasib and Adagrasib.

Lumakras (brand name) – Sotorasib (generic name)

○ Target: KRAS

○ Drug class: Signaling inhibitor

○ Indication: NSCLC (non-small cell lung cancer)

○ FDA approval: 2021

Type 2. K-Ras G12D

① One of the neoantigens formed in cancer cells when a specific mutation occurs in tumor DNA, creating a completely novel protein not present in normal cells.

Type 3. B-Raf Mutation

① Relationship between BRAF and K-Ras: part of the RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK signaling cascade (MAPK pathway).

② B-Raf mutations were discovered in 2002.

③ The first drug targeting B-Raf was approved in 2011.



Input: 2025.07.29 21:23

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