Chapter 4-1. Space Industry
Recommended Reading: 【Earth Science】 Chapter 4. Space
2. Overview of Space Technology
3. Boeing
4. SpaceX
5. Blue Origin
1. Space Industry
⑴ Market Size
① Trend of Investment Scale
Figure. 1. Trend of Investment in the Space Industry
○ SpaceX: $1.8 billion (launch vehicles, space internet)
○ OneWeb: $1.5 billion (space internet)
○ Sierra Space: $1.4 billion (reusable space shuttle, inflatable habitat)
○ Relativity Space: $650 million (3D printed small launch vehicles)
○ ABL Space System: $370 million (small launch vehicles)
② Statistics
○ fiscal year 2020: 0.36% of U.S. budget committed to space
○ In 2019, the space industry generated a revenue of 366 billion USD: primarily satellites and defense industry
⑵ Flight Schedule
① startup
② liftoff
③ max-Q: the point when the rocket experiences maximum dynamic pressure
④ parking orbit
⑤ booster engine cutoff
⑥ main engine cutoff
⑦ fairing deploy
⑧ boosters land
⑨ stage 2 shutdown
⑩ core lands
2. Overview of Space Technology
⑴ Sputnik1: The first spacecraft to orbit launched by the Soviet Union
⑵ Yuri Gagarin
① The first crewed mission to space happened in 1961
② From the Soviet Union was sent to circle Earth.
③ The plan involved his ejecting and parachuting to the ground before the capsule violently crash-landed.
⑶ Apollo Project: Humanity’s moon landing project
① Currently, the United States is the only country to have sent humans to the Moon
② The Saturn V was used in the Apollo Project
③ Apollo 9 **: **The first manned spacecraft to operate with a lunar module
④ Apollo 11: The first time humans landed on the Moon, on July 20, 1969
⑤ Including Apollo 11, Apollo 12, 14, 15, 16, and 17 (1972) a total of 6 successful missions: Apollo 13 failed
⑷ Salyut 1: The first space station launched by the Soviet Union on April 19, 1971
⑸ International Space Station (ISS)
① The only fully operational space station since 2000
② Operating until 2030
③ Recently announced by Russia to withdraw in 2024
⑹ Voyager
① Voyager 1
○ Launch Date: September 5, 1977
○ The first human-made object to exit the solar system on August 25, 2012
○ Passed through the heliopause 121 AU from the sun
② Voyager 2
○ Launch Date: August 20, 1977
⑺ Parker Solar Probe
① A robotic spacecraft made by NASA and launched in 2018
② Measuring the solar corona
⑻ Mars Rovers
① Famous for NASA’s robotic Mars rovers
② Type 1. robotic spacecraft
③ Type 2. orbiter
④ Type 3. lander
⑤ Type 4. rover: Spirit, Opportunity which have far exceeded their initial 90-day mission
⑼ Chan’e-4: The first to land on the far side of the Moon
Figure. 2. Human Moon Landing Sites
○ Black Arrow: 13 m
○ Electron: 17 m
○ Minotaur 1: 19.2 m
○ Atlas SM-65: 26 m
○ Atlas LV-3B: 28.7 m
○ Sputnik (8K71PS): 30 m
○ Vega: 30 m
○ Vostok 8K72K: 30.85 m
○ Titan 2: 31.4 m
○ Delta 2: 39 m
○ GSLV MK-3: 43.4 m
○ Soyuz MS-05: 45.6 m
○ Nuri: 47 m, thrust 300 tons
○ Ariane 5: 50.5 m
○ H-2A: 53 m, Japan
○ Long March 3B: 54.8 m
○ Space Shuttle: 56.1 m
○ H-2B: 56.6 m, Japan
○ Energia + Buran SpaceCraft: 58.7 m
○ Angara A5: 64 m
○ Falcon 9: 70 m, SpaceX
○ Falcon 9 Heavy: 70 m, SpaceX
○ Delta 4 Heavy: 72 m
○ Ares 1: 94 m
○ N1/L3: 105.3 m
○ Saturn 5: 110.6 m
○ Height: 363’
○ payload weight: over 40 tons
○ Thrust: 7.5M lbs (3400 tons)
○ Engine: 10 (5, 4, 1)
○ stage: 3
○ Fuel type: kerosene LH2 / LOX
○ SLS block 1B: 110.9 m
○ Height: 364’
○ payload weight: over 40 tons
○ Thrust: 8.8M lbs
○ Engine: 10 (2, 4, 4)
○ stage: 2 + SRBs
○ Fuel type: solid fuel LH2 / LOX
○ Ares 5: 116 m
○ Starship: 118 m, diameter 9 m, SpaceX
Figure. 3. Trend of Rocket Launch Costs
3. Boeing
⑴ Owned Technology
① Boeing 737
○ Price: $90M
○ Passenger capacity: 180
○ Cost per passenger if single-use: $500,000
○ Cost per passenger if reused: $43 (LA ~ Las Vegas)
○ Fuel cost: $10
4. SpaceX: Founded in 2002
⑴ Founder: Elon Musk
① physics
② economics
③ Currently competing for the first and second richest person in the world
⑵ Owned Technology
① Falcon 1: 2006-2009
○ orbit earth
○ 21 m
○ 2 stage
○ 28000 kg mass
○ 180 kg payload to LEO
○ 450 kN first stage thrust
○ 31 kN second stage thrust
○ Timeline: NASA COTS (Aug 18, 2006) → A total of four launches: three failures, and the final one succeeded (Sep 28, 2008) → NASA ISS (CRS-1) (Dec 23, 2008, “Merry Christmas Contract”)
② Falcon 9: Used for satellite launches, etc.
○ Payload to LEO: 22.6 tons (expendable)
○ Payload to LEO: 15.6 tons (reusable)
○ Payload to GTO: 8.3 tons (expended)
○ Payload to GTO: 5.5 tons (partially reused)
○ Payload to MARS: 4 tons
○ expendable second stage
○ separate fairing system
○ only surface refueling
○ turnaround time > 24 hours
③ Falcon 9 version 1.0: 2010-2013
○ 48 m
○ 2 stage
○ 333400 kg mass
○ 10450 kg payload to LEO
○ 4910 kN first stage thrust
○ 445 kN second stage thrust
○ dragon capsule
○ 6.1 m
○ 4200 kg mass
○ 6000 kg payload to ISS
④ Falcon 9 version 1.1: 2013-2016
○ 68 m
○ 2 stage
○ 505846 kg
○ 5885 kN first stage thrust
○ 716 kN second stage thrust
⑤ Falcon 9 full thrust: 2015-2022
○ Proof of concept of reusable rocket
⑥ Falcon 9 block 5: 2017-2022
○ 71 m
○ 7607 kN first stage thrust
○ 934 kN second stage thrust
○ 549000 kg mass
○ 22800 kg payload to LEO
⑦ Falcon heavy: 2018-2019
○ 70 m
○ 2.5 stage
○ 1420000 kg
○ 63800 kg payload to LEO
○ 22800 kN first stage thrust
○ 934 kN second stage thrust
○ ► Clip
⑧ Starship: 2022
○ 120 m (total) = 70 m (super heavy) + starship (50 m)
○ 2 stage
○ 5000 ton mass
○ Payload to LEO: +100 tons
○ Payload to GTO: 21 tons (without refueling)
○ Payload to GTO: + 100 tons (with refueling)
○ Payload to MARS: +100 tons (with refueling)
○ 72000 kN first stage thrust
○ 12000 kN second stage thrust
○ fully reusable second stage
○ integrated fairing system
○ surface and orbital refueling
○ rapid turnaround time
○ Used for cargo transportation, etc.
○ In-space refueling technology can be applied.
⑨ Raptor engine
○ Currently, SpaceX can produce one RAPTOR engine in about 12 hours thanks to the introduction of the VELO3D 3D printer SapphireXC
⑶ Propulsion Projects
① Starlink
○ Provides internet through satellites, twice as fast as existing undersea cables. Can distribute internet even in remote and war-torn areas
○ A major factor in SpaceX’s profitability
○ Because they use LEO (low Earth orbit) satellites, they provide faster speeds and lower latency than traditional satellite ISPs.
○ It carries propellant, enabling fine orbital adjustments (ref).
○ Its operational lifetime is typically around five years; after end of service, it is guided to reenter the atmosphere and burn up completely.
② DARPA project: Capable of vertical takeoff and landing, therefore can perform military missions between points on Earth without runways
③ Artemis Project (2022 ~)
○ Artemis, the twin sister of Apollo, thus has the nature of a return of the Apollo Project
○ Part of NASA’s project to send humans to the Moon again, SpaceX was the final selection among three competitors
○ Fundamentally, it has the nature of a premise for Mars exploration
○ stage 1. space launch system (SLS)
○ stage 2. the provisional cryogenic propulsion stage (ICPS)
○ stage 3. orion crew module (CM)
○ Artemis I: A test flight from Kennedy Space Center in the USA with a manned capsule ‘Orion’ launched. (22.09.02)
○ Artemis II: A manned project without a moon landing. Four astronauts will board. 2024
○ Artemis III: A manned project including a moon landing. For the first time, includes a woman and a person of color
Figure. 4. Moon Landing Process
④ Space Station Missions
⑤ Space Travel Business
⑥ Ultra-fast Passenger Business on Earth
⑦ Satellite Transport
⑧ Space Telescope Transport: Related to the James Webb Space Telescope
⑨ SpaceX has acquired xAI (26.02.02)
⑷ Internal Policy
① SpaceX only hires Americans as employees are exposed to a lot of confidential information
② However, it is thought that SpaceX only hires Americans also to prevent technology leakage
5. Blue Origin (blue origin): Founded in 2000
⑴ Founder: Jeff Bezos
Entered: 2022.03.05 12:36
Modified: 2024.02.12 12:14