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Chapter 4-5. Protein Synthesis

Recommended Posting: 【Biology】 Chapter 4. Cells and Energy Metabolism


1. Type 1. α-Ketoglutaric acid → Glutamic acid

2. Type 2. Glutamic acid + NH3 → Glutamine

3. Type 3. Succinyl CoA → Heme

4. Type 4. Pyruvate-Alanine Cycle


a. Protein Degradation



1. Type 1. α-Ketoglutaric acid → Glutamic acid

⑴ To remove ammonia, the reaction of α-ketoglutaric acid → glutamic acid is used.



2. Type 2. Glutamic acid + NH3 → Glutamine

⑴ Glutamate is converted to glutamine with the help of glutamine synthetase and ATP.

⑵ Glutamate + NH4+ ⇄ Glutamine, K = 2.0 × 10-3

Tomato and Fatigue Recovery

① Over 50% of tomatoes is glutamate.

② Glutamate converts pyruvate to alanine, which leads to less lactic acid production: Related to lactic acid fermentation.

③ Pyruvate is produced from the glycolysis process of glucose.

④ Lactic acid is a cause of fatigue: Related to the lactic acid hypothesis.

Conclusion 1. Tomatoes can reduce calories in the body.

Conclusion 2. Consuming tomatoes reduces fatigue.



3. Type 3. Succinyl CoA → Heme



4. Type 4. Pyruvate-Alanine Cycle



Entry: 2022.04.12 23:06

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