○ What if you go 1.5 m to the south, 1.5 m to the west, and 1.5 m to the north, but you returned to your original position? What is the situation? (SpaceX Interview Question) North Pole and 1.5 m north from the South Pole are the answer. What about other structures covered in non-Euclidean geometry, such as saddle structures?

○ Can you calculate the number of grooves of golf balls? (Google Interview Question) When solving this problem, how about using a formula for the area of a spherical triangle?

○ Three vertices of a triangle can be used to plot an outer circle. If you plot an ellipse rather than a circle, how many points do you need, and if only three points are given, what is the most likely ellipse?

○ Is it possible to find a simple mathematical function that closely describes a given specific geometric pattern? (► Math Art)

○ What is the largest area of a sofa that can be moved through a corridor bent in a “ㄱ” shape? The shape of the sofa can be freely chosen. (This problem has not yet been solved.)

1-2. Algebra

○ Simple 2D matrix multiplication is complicated. How can we define the multiplication of a hypermatrix (e.g., a three-dimensional matrix)?

○ Can the Riemann hypothesis be considered axiomatic to lead to useful mathematical conclusions?

1-3. Theory of Combination and Statistics

○ Why is the standard deviation of the sample mean different from the standard deviation of the sample ratio? Are they surely different?

○ If X1 and X2 are statistically different, are log X1 and log X2 also statistically different? Of course, it would be different, which would mean that the significance of statistical analysis is inconsistent and somewhat arbitrary. Then, what is the most universally valid statistical analysis? (Related to the question below)

○ To avoid the assumption of i.i.d., is it possible to do statistical analysis based on the simulation of the world?

○ There are quite a few people with the same number of hairs according to the pigeon-hole principle. Are there any other unexpected results obtained using the pigeon-hole principle?

○ The reason why there are few combinatorial theories is because the field itself is not profound or has not been studied sufficiently?

○ How should we analyze the statistical significance provided by spatial continuity? (Spatial Statistics) For example, if a certain spot A is too far away from other A spots, there is a high probability that this spot is not actually an A spot.

1-4. Theory of Integers

○ How do you divide students when there are 28 students?

○ How many golf balls can fit inside a bus?

1-5. Modern Mathematics

○ List of Unresolved Mathematical Problems

○ Can we always find an error from any system by applying Gödel’s theorem of imperfection? For example, what errors does the Constitution have? Is the difficulty of defining living organisms also an example of Gödel’s theorem of imperfections?

○ Why is math abbreviated to only four areas?

○ The first Korean who won the Fields Medal solved renown problems by combining geometry and theory of combination. Why can’t the problems be solved without combining different disciplines?

○ P vs NP problem: Proving that a problem is easy without actually solving it.

○ Should we accept only mathematically proven things as mathematical axioms?

○ Can we distinguish between mathematical laws that hold only within specific data and those that hold beyond the data?

○ Can math problems be solved using only pattern matching? (The anecdote of Jeff Bezos and cosine)

1-6. Open Problem Garden

○ Algebra (7)

○ Analysis (5)

○ Combinatorics (35)

○ Geometry (29)

○ Graph Theory (228)

○ Group Theory (5)

○ Logic (10)

○ Number Theory (49)

○ PDEs (0)

○ Probability (1)

○ Theoretical Comp. Sci. (13)

○ Topology (40)

○ Unsorted (1)

2. Physics

2-1. Dynamics

○ Is there a formula of the speed of movement when the fire moves through the lamp wick?

○ The reason why the coefficient of kinetic friction is smaller than the coefficient of static friction.

2-2. Transfer Phenomena

○ Why does a golf ball with a groove on the surface fly more?

➜ In the case of a smooth ball, when the ball moves at the right speed, the boundary layer is separated from the middle of the ball. At this time, from the middle of the ball, the speed of the air rapidly decreases, and at the same time, the direction of the airflow changes to form a circulation flow. In this case, high pressure is applied on the front side of the ball and low pressure on the back side, resulting in a large morphological resistance. On the other hand, in the case of a grooved ball, turbulent flow occurs on the front surface of the ball, and thus separation and circulation of the boundary layer become much smaller. This reduces the resistance of the ball.

○ The reason why the wind blows hard when you pass through the door when the temperature difference is large.

○ Why does the pressure in the train going through the tunnel decrease?

○ The reason why a cap of a bottle keeps vibrating when the cap is closed not completely.

○ Is the pressure on the other side lowered by blowing at one end of the nozzle? What if the end is hot?

○ Does true randomness exist in nature?

2-3. Dynamics of Waves

○ The bus is shaking when it stops. Why isn’t there such a vibration when the bus starts or a neighboring is there?

2-4. Electromagnetics

○ Can nanorobots be used for treatment by applying exterior magnetic fields?

➜ It’s been implemented already in DGIST. The blood flow is fast, making it difficult to control the nanorobot, but the neural tract did not have such an issue, so the nanorobot moved along the tract.

○ Is there a new substance that can remove dust using static electricity?

○ Relationship between electronegativity of chemicals and Coulomb force.

○ A lock with a magnetic field? For example, only certain objects are unlocked, moved, and then locked again by using a magnetic field.

○ Can a cell phone case that is shielded by electromagnetic waves reduce signal interference from a cell phone?

○ The mosquito net looks similar to a Faraday cage. Can it be applied to electromagnetic shielding?

○ Is it easy to find a lost cell phone using electromagnetism?

○ Why does animal fur stick to clothes? Is it because of static electricity? Then wouldn’t it be possible to remove the fur on your clothes if you give it an electrical stimulus?

○ The magnetic field around an electric pad is 10 G, which is smaller than the Earth’s magnetic field of 40 G. But why does a neodymium magnet vibrate around the electric pad?

○ Why does a thin wire split into beads when a 220 V voltage is applied to it? And what is the reason that such a steel ball falls toward a certain part of the electric pad?

2-5. Optics

○ Is it possible to create an impressive visualization by properly positioning mirrors?

○ What is the exact mathematical formula to illustrate Tyndall phenomenon? Wouldn’t it be possible to implement a hologram using this formula?

2-6. Modern Physics

○ Maxwell argued that light is an electromagnetic wave by showing the speed of an electromagnetic wave is c. However, in particle physics, particles with a speed of c are not only photons. Are real photons that make up observable light and virtual photons, which are gauge bosons that mediate electromagnetic force, the same?

➜ Cherenkov emission or Cherenkov radiation reveals that virtual photons can also be real photons.

○ Why is the theory of relativity limited to speed (special) and acceleration (general)? What about functions with dimensions greater than acceleration?

➜ There are 4 forces in Physics and there is something in common that all of these forces are inversely proportional to the square of the distance according to the field theory and are limited to acceleration. In light of these commonalities, it is thought that 4 forces are ultimately governed by one principle (related to the great unification theory) and it appears that our universe has ‘regulated’ to limit the order of motion of objects to acceleration (related to multiverse cosmology). This is why relativity theory is limited to acceleration, and the reason why objects around us do not appear to be limited to acceleration is that the tendency is obscured by complex system phenomena.

○ Why does the universe exist?

➜ Frank Wilczek, the Nobel laureate in physics, argued as follows: “Just as water can exist in liquid or solid form, the universe can exist in various states. … The highly symmetric state where everything is composed of energy is unstable, so the universe exists in a less symmetric state where matter is present.”

○ Let’s say the wave is passing through one medium. If the medium suddenly moves perpendicular to the direction in which the wave travels, how will the direction of the wave change? Perhaps mechanical waves do not change their direction at all, but what about light?

○ Can the energy of reflected light and the energy of refracted light be interpreted as the principle of Huygens?

○ Is it possible to teleport outer space into another space by folding space?

3. Chemistry

○ Can the laboratory be automated like a machine?

➜ In the context of discovering new materials, there has been an attempt in November 2023 to automate the laboratory to align AI-based exploration with experimental conclusions (ref).

○ How can we determine the spatiotemporal structural changes of entities such as antigens, antibodies, and viruses?

➜ Methods such as NMR relaxation dispersion, cryo-EM, and crystallography are employed for this purpose.

○ Given a molecular weight, how can we easily derive a chemical formula? I think we can adopt ideas from the theory of integers.

○ Can we contribute to solving global warming by filtering only carbon dioxide?

○ Is it possible to analyze the function of the freezing time of water in relation to the Mpemba phenomenon?

○ Is the Mpemba phenomenon related to how water does not make crystal structures well and freezes?

○ The reason why the texture and the color of paper different when it is wet and dried.

○ Wouldn’t it be nutritionally advantageous to put the iron powder in carbohydrates like cereal?

○ Can you make food with a 3D printer?

○ Is it possible to make a smartphone into a 3D printer?

○ An invention where a writing in a letter becomes automatically fluorescent. For example, we can think of a system in which chemicals can react with sunlight.

○ The water on the bottom of a cup does not evaporate, so there may be hygiene problems. How do we solve this?

○ There are hundreds of chemical reactions that human use (ref1, ref2). However, since there are about 3,000 genes of E.coli, the metabolic reactions used by E.coli are much more diverse. Can humanity implement all the different chemical reactions as E.coli? (ref)

○ How do we secure water in a water-free environment (e.g. desert)?

○ Does saltwater (e.g., sweat) evaporate slower than distilled water?

○ In organic chemical reactions, when the same product is formed through different mechanisms (example), is the phenomenon of increased yield of the product noteworthy?

4. Biology

4-1. Animals and Plants

○ Plants drop leaves so that nutrients are not taken away in winter, but do other droughts and typhoons also make plants drop leaves?

➜ In the case of drought, abscisic acid is known to be involved. However, typhoons appear to be a physical factor that causes the leaves to fall.

○ Why do mosquitoes bury themselves in toothpaste the next day after squeezing toothpaste?

➜ There is titanium dioxide in toothpaste, which releases carbon dioxide under photocatalysts. It attracts mosquitoes.

○ Have camels evolved in its current form to adapt to the desert?

➜ In fact, camels have evolved to adapt to the ice age. (ref)

○ Peto’s paradox: Why don’t large mammals like whales and elephants get cancer despite having many somatic cells?

➜ In humans, only 2-3 tumor suppressor genes are active, whereas in whales and elephants, over 20 tumor suppressor genes are active, resulting in a lower incidence of cancer.

○ When do animals and plants exert maximum energy to strive to live? And, how?

○ The relationship between birds flying far and high and their feathers

○ Can living things suddenly turn into social creatures if they form a group?

○ How can sea snails be in a salty sea?

○ How do creatures that are tightly attached to rocks stick together? Glue?

○ What’s the difference between a tree dropping a leaf and a grass dropping a leaf?

○ How to drop leaves when plants have to drop leaves except for fallen leaves?

○ Animals that don’t get heat rash?

○ How do mosquitoes know that there is a lot of blood?

○ Idea of combining carbon dioxide generator and mosquito repellent.

○ What color does the fly not move on?

○ It looks like a spider shakes its web when it is threatened. Is that true? Then, how do this shake it?

○ Black Soldier Fly eats anything well, and it is known that intestinal microorganisms are important. However, this is said to be applied only in larvae, and adult insects drink only water. How can we use this for solving many problems?

○ Are there any bats that use microwaves other than ultrasound?

○ How fast is the bee population decreasing and how do we cope with it?

○ The flight method of honeybees is said to be unique, such as drawing eight characters. Can it be implemented with a robot?

○ Do house mosquitoes breed in the same way regardless of their habitat in Africa, Asia, Europe, or the United States?

○ Why shouldn’t dogs eat chocolate, nuts, onions, grapes, squid, etc?

○ Is there a general formula for distinguishing between female and male flowers?

○ How can maggots survive on nutrients full of bacteria?

○ Why do chickens shake their heads?

○ Can ecosystem disturbance species be understood as the destruction of Nash equilibrium?

○ The mouse also has a toilet and a sleeping area. Which part of the brain is in charge of this? And what kinds of animals can do this?

○ Onion removes fat and garlic prevents the stomach from spoiling. How does that work?

○ Why are the composition of shells of clam (i.e., calcium carbonate) and the composition of crustaceans and arthropod skeletons (i.e., chitin) different?

○ Why is there jelly on the cat’s feet, but not on the rabbit’s feet?

○ What insects or animals live very deep in the ground (e.g., near the mantle)? Are there a lot that hasn’t been discovered yet?

○ Does a plant differentiate stomates (pores) in the direction of a more efficient gas exchange rate? If so, wouldn’t it be possible to know the efficient arrangement of a building through a plant model during gas circulation?

○ What kinds of smiling animals are there and why do they laugh?

○ How are the patterns of tree branches and grass stems determined? Is there a gene related to this?

○ Is the acidity of feces different for each animal?

○ When dozens of earthworms are put in bamboo, pierced, and baked in charcoal, extract of melted earthworms is produced through the hole, which can cure inflammation in the ears. What is the main ingredient of this extract?

○ The spikes of a centipede or a thorn can cause inflammation in the skin. However, if one applies the excreta from the insect’s innards to the skin, the inflammation subsides. What is the main component of this excreta?

○ Cicada nymphs are often found in decayed wooden structures. If they are starved for 3-4 days, then cleaned, mixed with sesame oil, and pan-fried to make a powder, it can be used as a stomach medicine. What is the main ingredient that makes it a stomach medicine?

○ Is a sting from diarrhea caused by stomach acid?

○ Why does a Bactrian camel have two humps?

4-2. Physiology

○ Why does it taste different when we’re full and hungry?

➜ Appetite-regulating hormones including leptin, PYY, CCK, etc are involved in the linkage between taste and hunger.

○ Why is it easier for humans to recognize two dimensions than three dimensions?

➜ The world is three-dimensional, and the first dimension is consumed in the process of forming an image on the retina through the pupil.

○ What factors determine your voice besides your physicals?

➜ The trembling of the vocal cords is the voice, so the thickness and arrangement of the muscles are important.

○ Why is it difficult to do repetitive things when you try to do them without thinking about them? For example, if you think, “how am I doing this?”, you can’t do what you’ve been doing repeatedly.

➜ Because the cerebellum is trying to do what the cerebellum was doing well.

○ Why does exercise suppress digestion?

➜ The sympathetic nerves that are activated by exercise inhibit the digestive activity

○ Why is your body tired if you use your brain a lot?

➜ Glucose can pass BBB and it is quickly absorbed by neurons expressing GLUT1. After that, the glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, and the cytoplasmic NADH is rapidly transferred to the mitochondrial inner membrane electron system by a glycerol-phosphate shuttle. If you try to use your brain faster than usual, lactic acid fermentation occurs as you try to produce energy even when the electron transport system is not sufficiently restored. Lactic acid is the main cause of fatigue. The brain uses 20% of the total oxygen consumption, so lactic acid fatigue will be considerable. And the lactic acid is known to be excreted out of the brain during the break.

○ Can we make a real-time blood pressure monitor?

➜ It has been implemented in smartwatches such as the Mi watch.

○ What is the scientific meaning of the word “blood boiling”?

➜ Sympathetic nerves become active, and in this case, heart rate increases, vessel contracts, and blood pressure increases, giving the feeling of blood boiling.

○ Why do we age faster when under stress?

➜ The adrenal glands are among the organs in the body with the highest levels of vitamin C. When stressed, they secrete large amounts of adrenal hormones, such as glucocorticoids and epinephrine, which can deplete the body’s vitamin C. When vitamin C is depleted, antioxidant activity decreases, accelerating aging caused by reactive oxygen species.

○ Can people fix their eyesight without surgery?

○ Is there a relationship between bone sound and growth stage?

○ Is there a case where the secretory duct does not secrete directly into the secretory site and sends it out through the skin?

○ When you pee after eating food, the color is different, but what are the reason and tendencies?

○ Food doesn’t make tolerance, but medicine can easily make tolerance. Then, do medicines like food make tolerance?

○ Is the skin tissue that makes up the reproductive system different from the general skin tissue?

○ Why do we sneeze twice or more at the same time?

○ Why does it itch when mosquitoes bite you?

○ It seems that saliva of special ingredients is secreted when eating very spicy food. Is it right?

○ Sometimes, saliva of special taste seems to be secreted along with extreme catharsis. What is the ingredient and why is it secreted?

○ What is the purpose of several deep-cut gaps that are larger than the taste buds seen in the human tongue?

○ What is the identity of the structure that looks like a pair of antennae under the human tongue?

○ The reason why the skin is different from other skin when the skin cracks and new skin grows. Let’s think of the case of a blister.

○ The reason why it gets bumpy if you keep scratching your skin.

○ How do you deal with chronic shoulder and knee pain in the elderly?

○ Is covering the forelock the cause of the forehead trouble? Why does our scalp have less skin trouble?

○ Why do people who are pondering turn their pens so frequently?

○ A human brain can be defined as coordinates, but can it assign a coordinate system to the entire human body?

○ Why do you have fewer hiccups when you become an adult?

○ When does muscle pain occur and when does it go away? Stretching after exercise prevents muscle pain.

○ High humidity makes your eyesight worse. Is it right?

○ What if the inside of the blood vessel is illuminated with light?

○ Relationship between gas pressure and feces in the intestines?

○ Why does something sour remain in your mouth if you sleep without brushing your teeth?

○ Wouldn’t it be possible to test microcontroller device by developing the plant hormone auxin experiment?

○ Does the Earth’s magnetic field affect people?

○ When you stay up all night, hormones that keep you awake seem to be secreted. Is it right?

○ Why do you have to pee when your toes are cold?

○ Is your first breath right after birth inhale or exhale?

○ Does alcohol cause muscle loss?

○ It is widely accepted that the reason why vision deteriorates as people get older is that there is a factor that makes the lens thicker in modern society. However, some people say that as the brain capacity increases as we grows, the head grows back and forth, the retina moves back, and the image forms in front of the retina. The increase in brain capacity is a phenomenon that occurred with the evolution of mankind, and primitive humans must have increased brain capacity. If vision deteriorates due to increased brain capacity, it will be fatal to the survival of primitive humans. Thus, wasn’t the mid-to-late teens by which vision didn’t deteriorate the lifespan of primitive people?

○ Does exercising make the diuretic effect more active just as the sweating effect becomes active? If so, the mechanism of the active diuretic effect would be related to the increased blood pressure.

○ It is well known that boys are born 1.05 times more than girls. Is it because having XX chromosomes is more likely to develop chromosomal mutations than having XY chromosomes before birth?

○ Is there any special reason or coincidence that Putin only has daughters and Musk only has sons? For similar examples, there were especially many queens in the Silla period in the Republic of Korea, Queen Elizabeth’s family had many women, Lim Chang-Jung had only 5 sons even if his wives were different, and surgeons are likely to have daughters. For a slightly different example, parents of twins are likely to have twins again.

○ Why are there more women than men in Russia? Does the cold affect that?

○ Is it because of the ice age that Asians have small body terminals?

○ Why do excretion and elimination occur simultaneously in many cases?

○ Which uses more energy, the left brain or the right brain?

○ Which part of the human body recognizes air pressure?

○ Why do people feel less tired the more people exercise? The compensation circuit by dopamine, the awakening circuit, and the increase in energy metabolic efficiency will be related.

○ Can’t we do a colon test without taking enema?

○ What is the sense of itching? It’s interpreted as a sense of pressure, etc., but it’s not yet proven.

○ Why did the blackheads of skin trouble turn black?

○ Are there any persimmon components that cause constipation?

○ What are drugs that help relieve ear blockage by opening the Eustachio tube when ear blockage occurs during an airplane landing?

○ The reason why we feel dizzy when we eat something cold.

○ Does the ability of a person to sense another’s gaze mean that, in fact, humans have a wide field of vision? However, one probably does not fully utilize the information from their wide field of vision all the time.

○ Does caffeine-induced arousal affect people’s emotions?

○ Do we live younger than our parents’ generation? For example, when we are 30 years old, is the body age younger than when our parents’ generation was 30 years old?

○ Is the feeling of irritation when sick related to Weber’s Law?

○ Even bears hibernate in the winter; could there be a similar mechanism for humans?

○ The pinhole effect refers to the phenomenon where we can see slightly better by looking through a narrow hole. This effect was also introduced in the anime ‘Dr. Stone.’ Could this effect be related to why we see better when squinting?

○ The mechanism of itching has not yet been revealed.

○ The reason humans, unlike wild animals, need to brush their teeth, is it because they consume a lot of sugar?

○ Are fingerprints formed during fetal development patterns from the uterine wall?

○ Does it mean that the cerebellum has a higher memory capacity than the cerebral cortex because the body doesn’t forget including riding a bicycle?

○ Why do people find hot food tastier than cold food?

4-3. Molecular Biology

○ How to kill a prion?

➜ Prions are proteins, so you can use proteases. However, seeing that they endure much hot, it seems necessary to worry.

○ Why does the prion change its structure? And what is the function?

○ Why is the DNA in the germ cells stable when it is a single strand?

○ By defining a set of genes for each signaling pathway, wouldn’t it be possible to know from the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) what signaling pathways are involved in a particular pathogenesis?

○ Isn’t the reason why the punctuated equilibrium theory is established is that the environment causes genetic mutations in almost the same way?

○ Wouldn’t genetic code analysis, including introns, be regarded as language analysis and analyzed by natural language processing (NLP)?

○ Are there isoforms that appear only at the interspecies boundaries?

○ As if the movement of muscles is quantized (~10 Hz), is the gene expression of the cell also quantized?

○ What distribution does gene expression follow? Is the probability distribution different for each gene or cell line?

4-4. Cell Theory

○ What is the gap between the cell-cell interaction between different species and that between the same species?

➜ With the advent of AlphaFold3, it has become possible to observe interspecies ligand-receptor interactions. For instance, it is now possible to identify proteins involved in host-pathogen interactions (cf. AlphaFold-Multimer).

○ Is the mechanism of the plasmodesma similar to synaptic vesicles releasing neurotransmitters?

○ Are there specific frequencies for each cell?

○ There are fluorescent proteins such as GFP and td tomato, but are there fluorescent cells? If so, can they be extracted or made?

○ Why can’t Tomocube using the refractive index see mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

○ How can we easily make quasi-living things (coacervate, microsphere, etc.)?

○ Is the drug-resistant cell line less changed in gene expression by drug perturbation than the drug-sensitive cell line? (Reference)

○ In one cell, are there parts that take in foreign substances well and parts that discharge them well?

4-5. Microbiome

○ What is the best antibiotic at the present?

➜ Antiobiotics have antibacterial activity in two main ways. One class interferes with cell wall synthesis and the other class inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. Penicilin is included to the former and streptomycin to the latter. Therefore, penicilin streptomycin (PS), which is used as an antibiotic in cell experiments, blocks bacterial quite comprehensively. Plus, too good antibiotics can make super bacteria, so the FDA subsidizes sellers and prevents them from being sold on a market. It’s because of later imperative uses.

○ What if mold is placed on the bacterial mucosa?

○ What proteins are related to the geometry of the virus? Does it take a lot of protein to produce a regular icosahedron?

○ In the case of Saprolegniales, only the part adjacent to the bread was discolored. However, in the case of adhesion mold, the entire bread was discolored. Why?

○ Does the virus also produce substances that expand the plasmodesma?

○ There seem to be no insects where there is mold. Is it right?

○ Is there a mold staining method like Gram staining?

○ Why does the water containing plant roots not mold easily?

○ The cause of visceral obesity is intestinal microorganisms. Can’t we reversely use the microorganisms to treat obesity?

○ In order to make Mars viable, spreading microorganisms must be preceded. What is the best microorganism to spread first?

○ Are there any antibiotics that target hopanoid that most bacteria synthesize instead of cholesterol?

4-6. Brain Science

○ Does human free will exist? In other words, are humans really different from robots that simply respond to external stimuli? Or, can humans go against causality?

➜ Various hypotheses and concerns about free will are contained here.

○ What is the model that explains the brain’s ability to incall?

○ Does the unconsciousness in the movie “Inception” reflect the truth?

○ Can we hypnotize ourself with music?

○ Reducing the PPL exposure time in advertising by frame and increasing the frequency instead unconsciously increases the preference for the product. Therefore, the minimum PPL duration has been legally determined. However wouldn’t the above technique be rather recommended for music? And is such a technique for music effective?

○ Do people perform autonomic reflexes when they sleep?

○ Under what conditions do people wake up?

○ Why do you feel hot when you put your face to the other person?

○ Do people feel pain right before they die?

○ Have you ever felt that alcohol is concentrated on one side of your head?

○ Can unconsciousness be defined?

○ In order to increase the efficiency of information search, do you hierarchize information and store it in the brain? If so, when you want to memorize it better, saving it at the bottom is efficient, right?

○ How do you memorize it? Like that if you memorize it in a specific way, you can memorize it very well.

○ What is the difference between deep learning and the human brain? For exameple, that we create a brain so that the neural network changes could be a difference.

○ What pattern do people appear when they are asked to express random numbers? Like a concentrated pattern of numbers.

○ Can we make a device to record our dreams?

○ Is tree the data structure most similar to the human cognitive structure?

○ Why do we have more fun in the field we know better?

○ Is it the same process to find out the wrong facts and to feel something different?

○ Some people are easy to translate Korean into English, while others are easy to translate English into Korean. Do this mean that the act of translation is one-way?

○ In order to clone the human brain, it is necessary to clone the glial cells and the glial cells of the glial cells. Is it possible and meaningful to clone human brains?

○ Is there such a thing as memory complexity, like time complexity? And if we reduce memory complexity, won’t we be able to memorize longer and more?

○ Does a boredom come from a lack of imagination and self-motivation?

○ There are times when I thought about it for a while a long time ago and it is memorable. Why is that?

○ Is meditation between sleep and awake? For example, if we meditate, the amount of sleep we need may be reduced.

○ Is sleep a third state in which both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves are inactive?

○ Why do people fall asleep while reading a book? And why can they read better if they sleep?

○ Is there a part of the human brain that quantum mechanics is involved in? For example, is human sixth sense related to the entanglement phenomenon of quantum mechanics?

○ Why do people have a precognitive dream about the birth of a child? Is it related to Cuban syndrome?

○ Is there a scientific basis for the fact that a mother needs to be smart to make a child smart?

○ Does one’s memory briefly become clear just before he or she forgets it?

○ Microorganisms and environmental systems are known to perform advanced cognitive functions, but they are believed to lack a sense of self. (ref) Then, can we consider the self as a special phenomenon that naturally occurs when low entropy is densely gathered?

○ Does one forget parts of one’s most recent memory when he or she reaches the extreme limits of emotion?

4-7. Pathology

○ Wouldn’t it be possible to treat cancer by blocking new blood vessels that lead to cancer cells?

➜ In fact, many drugs such as temozolomide and bevacizumab target the angiogenesis of cancer cells to treat cancer.

○ Why is the anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophage peripheral to the tumor? What are the benefits of cancer cells and M2 macrophages?

➜ Tumors secrete chemicals that induce angiogenesis so that blood vessels grow into tumors. And macrophages secrete digestive enzymes to break down surrounding cells and extracellular matrix and make way for blood vessels. The real benefit of macrophages is oxygen and nutrients from blood vessels.

○ Is the high frequency of intestinal trouble and colorectal cancer caused by lack of sleep due to the intestinal nervous sytem?

○ Is 3D artificial organs using 3D printing more advantageous than simple artificial organs (organoids)?

○ The Biden administration in the U.S. says it does not have to use animal models during the development of new drugs. (ref) So can all diseases be tested with organoids (artificial organs) instead of animal testing? For example, wouldn’t it be difficult to test systemic diseases such as autoimmune diseases with organoids?

4-8. Bioinformatics

○ Are 3D genomics and 3D transcriptomics possible?

➜ In 2020, 2D spatial-resolved transcriptomics was selected as the Method of the Year in Nature, and soon a paper has been reported that built a 3D spatial transcriptomics by stacking the 2D spatial transcriptomics of the mouse brain. It seems that it is not far away to create commercialized artificial organs (organoids) by combining this transcriptomics-wide information with 3D printing.

➜ In March 2023, 3D spatial transcriptomics in cellular resolution of the mouse brain was also introduced. (reference)

➜ In July 2023, the 3D MERFISH research was announced. MERFISH can also obtain count values along the z-axis for thick tissues.**

➜ In November 2024, 3D spatial transcriptomics (ST) was implemented using tissue clearing and multiplexing.

○ Is it possible to realize temporal sequencing (longitudinal sequencing, live-cell sequencing)?

➜ Let’s refer to the following regarding time transcriptome and spatiotemporal omics. (e.g., Record-seq, Live-seq, TMI, molecular recording)

○ Just as the human genome project has been completed, can’t the human trancriptome project be completed?

➜ In May 2022, it was completed for mice (Tabular Mice) and humans (Tabular Sapiens) based on single-cell transcriptomics analysis.

○ Can the spatial heterogeneity of biological systems be measured using information theory?

➜ In May 2023, studies measuring spatial heterogeneity with connectivity index, Shannon entropy, Simpson index, and cluster modularity based on spatial transcriptomics have been introduced. (ref1, ref2) Note that heterogeneity studies in scRNA-seq have already been introduced. (ref)

○ Can spatial omics map the locations of different microbes?

➜ In November 2022, a study was published demonstrating the use of spatial transcriptomics and algorithms to map the locations of different microbial species within colorectal cancer. (ref) This is expected to facilitate the discovery of microbial species with specific biological activities. (ref)

○ Does bioinformatics analysis exist for the subcellular location of RNA?

➜ Several recent papers have been reported in this area. (e.g., nearest-neighbor, InSTAnT)

○ Open Problems in Single-Cell Analysis

○ Can we build an algorithm that efficiently constructs cell type marker genes based on paper? To remove old or inaccurate markers, we will need to select the most recent and frequent markers.

○ Does humans store information not only through the brain that takes a deep learning strategy but also other organs through the structure itself? This is because it has complexity and heterogeneity that cannot be explained purely by DNA. And information on learning organs will be given from the environment. As deep learning has considerable learning power because it gives each node a degree of freedom, wouldn’t biology give a degree of freedom to each cell type?

○ According to the central dogma, DNA, RNA, and protein are the basic principles of life, but DNA is too uniform and protein is too diverse. So shouldn’t the basis of bioinformatics be RNA?

○ When mouse genes and human genes are mixed, what are the benefits and methods of gene ontology analysis for them?

○ Is biology an unpredictable area, or will biology eventually be predictable by artificial intelligence? In other words, does the principle of uncertainty principle exist in biology?

○ Does transcriptomics represent the ongoing processes, while proteomics indicates the results of these processes?

○ Can’t we use deep learning to do genomic alignment?

○ Is species or cell type merely a matter of clustering resolution in omics data?

○ RNA population genetics: Wouldn’t RNA molecules be different from each other, just like humans? What about reflecting this heterogeneity in transcriptomics analysis?

○ It seems that there are many models for protein-ligand interaction binding affinity, but there doesn’t appear to be one yet for protein-protein interaction binding affinity. (ref)

○ Is the heterogeneity of stem cells merely a difference in the stages of cell differentiation?

4-9. Evolution theory∙Theoretical biology

○ What is the principle of collective intelligence?

➜ When there are multiple members in a society, there exists a meaningful interaction among these members, albeit weaker than in a brain. This interaction creates conceptual circuits similar to deep learning, which has been proven to facilitate collective intelligence, as demonstrated through microbiome research. (ref)

○ Can we understand the history of mankind through evolutionary theory of evolution?

○ Is the Nash equilibrium related to the punctuated equilibrium in the theory of evolution?

○ What characteristics of biological systems act against the second law of thermodynamics to stabilize biological systems? Can stability of biological systems be explained by Routh-Hurwitz criterion?

○ In biology, is the observed spontaneous symmetry breaking already genetically planned, or does it naturally occur due to the inherent characteristics of the system?

○ Does spatial heterogeneity imply a high entropy state, or does it denote a low entropy state, representing the storage of information through the spatial arrangement of cells?

○ Robots operate on transistors and living organisms operate on quantum mechanics. Does this lead to differences in information content or randomness (creativity)?

○ Will there be a Nash equilibrium through cell-cell interaction? And can biological heterogeneity be defined as the number of Nash equilibria?

5. Earth Science

○ What is the one thing we need the most if we go to the desert? (Interview)

➜ It can be explained by dividing it into objects to protect us and objects to improve deserts. In the desert, albedo is considerably higher than forest and sea, so physical damage due to light is expected. For example, strong light can cause blindness and skin cancer, so we should take sunglasses and sunscreen. Also, water to prevent dehydration, nutritional supplements to prevent exhaustion, and safety equipment to prevent loss of feet are needed. However, these measures are short-term and what is really needed is long-term measure. To improve deserts, living organisms with strong vitality and high moisture content such as moss and fungi should be dominant species. In addition, it is possible to modify the land’s microorganisms to be moisture-friendly species (e.g., E.coli).

➜ I aim to suggest an answer to this issue in the form of a sci-fi novel.

○ What industry will emerge when mankind reaches Mars?

➜ It is important to exploit resources on Mars, and it seems more realistic to transport organic materials than heavy metals by spaceships. Organic material can be used as food, but it can also be used an energy source. Energy source is important because it can be sold on Earth or used for spaceships otself. In order to realize such agriculture, completely unmanned agriculture and plants growing on Mars will be a hot topic.

○ Does a macroscopic system like the Earth also possess advanced cognitive functions?

➜ Indeed, it is known that some systems can establish deep learning-like information circuits with just simple control systems and non-linear activation functions, and through this, they can learn from the information provided by the environment. (ref) However, it is unlikely that the Earth would possess a sense of self to that extent.

○ Is the Bermuda Triangle related to a geological activity?

○ Why is the South Pole colder than the North Pole?

○ Why is it when it rains heavily in some places and it doesn’t rain right next to it?

○ Is an eye of a typhoon a differentiable singularity point?

○ Why is a cloudy evening brighter? Is it related to scattering?

○ Why is the sinkhole round?

○ Why is the ozone hole on the South Pole?

○ Why did Mesopotamia, where civilization could occur, become a desert? Was it due to increased salinity in the river?

6. Computer Science

6-1. Algorithm

○ Why can we get a clean image from the noisy image through the deep image prior (DIP) fundamentally?

➜ Many people say that CNN has its own correction function, so it does not learn the given input in a strict way, but creates a flexible image that approaches the truth. But I think it’s more profound than that, because it creates information that doesn’t exist. For the most basic reason, it is because there are many simple and repetitive structures in nature.

○ Use the statistical distribution on the black background image when making an algorithm that takes a specific silhouette from the black background.

➜ There is no need to perform this! The image segmetation algorithm was also complete. See the latest algorithm.

○ Can AI code?

➜ According to the Deep Mind paper published in June 23, alignment algorithms and hashing algorithms can be devised through reinforcement learning.

➜ The proficiency of ChatGPT 4.0 in web programming is quite high. (ref1, ref2)

➜ An AI that generates hypotheses, the beginning of that idea

○ What is the principle of strong artificial intelligence?

➜ With the success of ChatGPT, a common understanding has emerged that the principle of higher cognitive lies in the foundation model. Here, a foundation model refers to an artificial intelligence model capable of making inferences in an inductive way through self-supervised learning. In other words, while human eyes can be implemented to the level of convolutional neural networks (CNNs), the human brain functions like a foundation model.

➜ Where is AI headed?

○ Is there an AI that has implemented photographic memory (eidetic memory)?

➜ Apple attempted this in January 2024. (ref)

○ Is there an AI that solves math problems?

→ An AI capable of solving IMO problems was developed by the Google DeepMind team in 2024. (ref)

○ Can artificial intelligence with free will be realized?

○ Next-generation SNS implemented through virtual reality and metaverse.

○ If you plant artificial intelligence in PowerPoint, won’t it be possible to interact with the presentation program while presenting?

○ In order to align image objects with PowerPoint, it is not easy to customize. Are there any programs or artificial intelligence algorithms that automatically match this?

○ Is it possible to create a service that erases personal information online? That is a digital undertaker. There may be a disadvantage that it can be abused in crime.

○ A system that forgets if we don’t use it often.

○ An algorithm that generates a new image in a new time point between the given images of different time points? We should be cautious because simple extrapolation just blurs unreasonably.

○ A program that automatically sets up CUDA, cuDNN, Python environment, etc.

○ A movie that makes a story by itself using AI.

○ If the magnification of an image is doubled, how much information does it increase? And how much should the complexity of the model dealing with this image increase? Is the quantitative conclusion different from the case where the FOV of the image is simply widened?

○ Creative ideas can only be generated when there is a strong individuality. Can a generative AI like ChatGPT, which pursues average, produce creative ideas?

○ Don’t you think there might be an increasing need for techniques to make the code difficult to interpret intentionally in situations where the code is made public?

○ Isn’t there a field of coding that deliberately causes glitches to create the desired effect? For example, I’ve had experience controlling specific HTML components by deliberately causing glitches on React-based webpages.

○ Is there a program that automatically organizes the directory structure of files based on predetermined rules?

○ Can we estimate the speed of a train from a landscape photo taken inside a moving train?

○ Can we implement image data security by attaching location tracking to images?

○ Using AI, wouldn’t it be possible to remove or translate text within an image?

○ A program that automatically converts a chart image into Excel.

○ Can AI create an operating system, or can AI itself become an operating system?

○ Is there a separate AI for autonomous parking apart from the AI for autonomous driving?

○ Is there any AI related to daily life? For instance, creating training data for slang, profanity, and abbreviations commonly used in everyday language is very challenging.

○ Could we implement an AI that generates problems, and another AI that solves the problems created by the first AI, essentially creating an AI that can formulate hypotheses and theories? (ref)

○ If a national matchmaking system utilizing AI were employed, couldn’t it effectively solve the low birth rate problem?

○ In the molecular world, diffusion models (e.g., AlphaFold3) work well, and in the macroscopic world, transformers perform effectively. In the intermediate world, that is, from intracellular to single-cell resolution, which AI model works well?

○ Does the diffusion model work well in the molecular world because of quantum mechanics?

6-2. Big Data

○ There is a problem that CCTVs or black boxes use up a lot of storage, so wouldn’t it be useful if there is an algorithm that extracts and stores only the necessary parts with AI?

○ Making databases for all existing dictionaries.

○ What level of redundancy is required when backing up data?

○ Big data computation or deep learning takes quite a long time. Wouldn’t quantum computing be necessary to accelerate these?

6-3. System

○ Why are servers dualized by front-end and back-end?

○ AI semiconductors that change their structure depending on the type of task

○ CPUs smartly handle small operations, while GPUs bluntly manage large-scale computations. Is there a processing unit that serves as a middle ground between CPUs and GPUs?

6-4. IoT

○ Wouldn’t it be possible to apply it to tactics and performance through cooperation through communication between drones?

○ What if we could attach a drone to the ceiling with glue?

○ What if the drone could solve the maze?

○ What if we made a device to scan the inside by flying hundreds of drones before the ship sank?

○ Moving camera. I think the response will be okay just by attaching the camera to the drone and adjusting the location remotely.

○ Wouldn’t it be possible to take pictures without a camera holder with a multi-propeller drone?

○ Why does Bluetooth communication work well on rainy days?

6-5. Mobility

○ Is it possible to make a self-driving electric wheelchair?

○ Can we make a foldable car?

○ Can we make a roly poly bike?

○ Why does the car move back and forth only? Can’t we make the car that can move left and right to make parallel parking easier?

○ Can’t the wipers of the car wipe the whole glass?

○ A flying device imitating the wings of a bird.

6-6. Robots

○ Can we make a robot that imitates Matryushika?

○ Is it possible to make a robot that charges itself?

○ Can we make a robot that removes mosquito larvae?

○ Can we make a device that imitates the skeleton of an insect?

○ Can we make a machine that can stick to the ceiling like a fly? Drones are not recommended because they consume a lot of energy.

6-7. Medical device

○ Can imaging medical devices such as MRI be used as a treatment platform?

○ Fitness sensor for pregnant women?

○ Can’t we make a partial MRI to check the degree of sprained leg and the progress of recovery?

○ Is there an invention that prevents your feet from getting sweaty?

7. Assistive and Appropriate Technology

○ Is it possible to make a calculator for the blind?

○ A technology that allows the disabled to play soccer by making virtual feet, so that they can play soccer without legs. Wouldn’t it be possible to implement it in virtual reality?

○ Wouldn’t it be possible to make braille devices for the blind if we make braille protrusions with the rotational force of the motor?

○ Wouldn’t it be possible to contribute to wheelchair soccer for the disabled if a protruding device is made with the rotational force of the motor?

○ Can’t braille display for some device buttons be applied in daily life? Icon T-shirts, microphone shapes, etc.

8. Environment

○ What is the solution to the Pacific garbage island? Wouldn’t this problem be solved easily if we looked at the Pacific garbage island as an ownerless natural resource?

➜ I suggested an answer for this question in the form of a science fiction novel.

○ Vinyl for umbrella cover is provided before entering the room on a rainy day. The amount of garbage in this plastic bag is enormous. Can’t we replace it with other ingredients?

○ Can’t the objects around the trash can be clean?

○ It is known that the coordination of heavy metals with chelators greatly reduces toxicity in vivo. It is also known that the radioisotopes loaded in the nanoparticles have less leakage radiation due to the shielding effect of the nanoparticles. Then, how about using chelators and nanoparticles to decontaminate radiation waste?

Input: 2015.10.27 07:50

Revised: 2023.07.13 21:58

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List of Nature Science Questions

1. Mathematics

1-1.Geometry

1-2. Algebra

1-3. Theory of Combination and Statistics

1-4. Theory of Integers

1-5. Modern Mathematics

1-6. Open Problem Garden

2. Physics

2-1. Dynamics

2-2. Transfer Phenomena

2-3. Dynamics of Waves

2-4. Electromagnetics

2-5. Optics

2-6. Modern Physics

3. Chemistry

4. Biology

4-1. Animals and Plants

4-2. Physiology

4-3. Molecular Biology

4-4. Cell Theory

4-5. Microbiome

4-6. Brain Science

4-7. Pathology

4-8. Bioinformatics

4-9. Evolution theory∙Theoretical biology

5. Earth Science

6. Computer Science

6-1. Algorithm

6-2. Big Data

6-3. System

6-4. IoT

6-5. Mobility

6-6. Robots

6-7. Medical device

7. Assistive and Appropriate Technology

8. Environment

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